Hemoglobin variant analysis, also known as electrophoresis or HPLC test, is a blood test used to identify and quantify different types of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Abnormalities in the structure or production of hemoglobin can result in various hemoglobinopathies, such as sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and other inherited blood disorders. Hemoglobin variant analysis can help diagnose and monitor these conditions by separating and identifying the different types of hemoglobin in the blood. The test involves using an electric current to separate the hemoglobin molecules based on their charge and size. The separated hemoglobin components are then identified and quantified using a variety of techniques, including HPLC, which uses high-pressure liquid chromatography. Hemoglobin variant analysis is a critical tool in the diagnosis and management of hemoglobinopathies, allowing for accurate identification and monitoring of these conditions.